Michael Keough has to pause in the middle of his phone call from Newfoundland and Labrador鈥檚 largest jail to cough and wipe his eyes 鈥� there鈥檚 black mould on the wall where the phones are, he explains, and it irritates him after a while.

The 37-year-old is back at Her Majesty鈥檚 Penitentiary in St. John鈥檚 after declining a bail hearing in September and consenting to be placed on remand in the 164-year-old crumbling building, where an ongoing rodent infestation led to an inmate being bitten in his sleep.

The conditions inside the penitentiary are horrific, Keough said. But outside, he said, they鈥檙e worse. Keough is homeless, and he was living in a tent and panhandling before his current stay at the penitentiary. When someone stole his tent and he had nowhere left to go, he started stealing food again, waiting to be picked up by police and sent back to jail, where he鈥檇 at least have meals and a bed.

鈥淚f I was released on bail back in September, I would have been back in the same boat. I would have had no resources to help me get on income support, or anywhere to be housed in. So I would have been just under the same circumstance, building up more and more criminal charges,鈥� he said in an interview, adding that there are 鈥渟everal鈥� other men in the penitentiary on purpose, because they were homeless on the outside.

鈥淭his is the system I鈥檓 submersed in,鈥� he added.

The housing crisis gripping the country is having a profound effect on the justice system, speeding up the well-established carousel between homelessness and incarceration, according to people who work with incarcerated people. Inmates in provincial institutions are already released with few supports in place, said Ontario lawyer Beth Bromberg. But now, as homeless encampments spread across Canada, programs that find vulnerable people a spot in low-income or supportive housing are completely overrun.

鈥淚t is more and more difficult 鈥� actually I鈥檇 say it鈥檚 impossible, at this point, to get people housing,鈥� Bromberg said in an interview about her efforts to find recently incarcerated people a place to live.

So they go back to shelters or sleep rough, where it鈥檚 hard for support people to stay in touch with them, and where they鈥檙e more likely to fall back into mental crises or addictions, which probably landed them in jail in the first place, she said. And that makes them more likely to reoffend.

鈥淧eople cycle in and out of the provincial systems because they don鈥檛 have their needs met when they are released,鈥� Bromberg said. 鈥淎nd that costs our communities a fortune in incarceration, and in hospitalizations and in ambulances.鈥�

In British Columbia, Mo Korchinski runs Unlocking The Gates, a non-profit that picks up inmates when they鈥檙e released and helps them find shelter, food and other necessities.

She, too, said it鈥檚 all but impossible to find people a place to live, or even a spot in a shelter, because everything is full. As some governments scramble to make plans to solve the housing crisis in their province, Korchinski said they鈥檇 be wise to consider adding more supportive housing for people released from jail.

鈥淭hrowing (homeless people) in an out of corrections where they鈥檙e just basically warehoused isn鈥檛 the answer,鈥� Korchinski said in an interview.

In St. John鈥檚, Keough said he鈥檚 been in an out of incarceration for years. He鈥檚 lived much of his life alone 鈥� his mother is dead, and his other family members have turned him away because of his drug addictions, he said.

He was last released from custody in April, from Her Majesty鈥檚 Penitentiary, with 鈥渘othing but a phone number for an emergency shelter,鈥� he said. When he couldn鈥檛 get a shelter bed, he pitched a tent behind a hockey rink.

Money was scarce 鈥� it takes at least 28 days to be approved for social assistance in Newfoundland and Labrador, and he had neither a phone nor an address for anyone trying to contact him 鈥� so he panhandled, he said. But when his tent got stolen, he gave up.

鈥淚 turned back to what I鈥檝e been doing for the last 20 years of my life, stealing from stores 鈥� and surviving that way,鈥� he said.

He鈥檚 now awaiting trial on charges including robbery, assault and break and enter. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the security at least in knowing that I鈥檓 not going to be out in the rain and the cold for this winter,鈥� Keough said of life behind bars.

He would like to break the cycle but says he can鈥檛 get the help to do it. 鈥淚 do genuinely want to move forward.鈥�

Sarah Smellie, The Canadian Press