Like Christmas trees, Santa and reindeer, the poinsettia has long been a ubiquitous symbol of the holiday season in the U.S. and Europe.
But now, nearly 200 years after the plant with the bright crimson leaves was introduced north of the Rio Grande, attention is once again turning to the poinsettia鈥檚 origins and the checkered history of its namesake.
Some things to know:
WHERE DID THE NAME POINSETTIA COME FROM?
The name 鈥減oinsettia鈥� comes from the amateur botanist and statesman Joel Roberts Poinsett, who happened upon the plant in 1828 on a side trip during his tenure as the first U.S. minister to a newly independent Mexico.
Poinsett, who was interested in science as well as potential cash crops, sent clippings of the plant to his home in South Carolina, and to a botanist in Philadelphia, who affixed the eponymous name to the plant in gratitude.
A life-size bronze statue of Poinsett still stands in his honor today in downtown Greenville.
A CHRISTMAS FLOWER OF MANY NAMES
While Poinsett is known for introducing the plant to the United States and Europe, its cultivation 鈥� under different Indigenous and Spanish language names 鈥� dates back to the Aztec empire in Mexico 500 years ago.
Among Nahuatl-speaking communities of Mexico, the plant is known as the cuetlaxochitl (kwet-la-SHO-sheet), meaning 鈥渇lower that withers.鈥� It鈥檚 an apt description of the thin red leaves on wild varieties of the plant that grow to heights above 10 feet (3 meters).
Year-end holiday markets in Latin America brim with the potted plant known in Spanish as the 鈥渇lor de Nochebuena,鈥� or 鈥渇lower of Christmas Eve,鈥� which is entwined with celebrations of the night before Christmas. The 鈥淣ochebuena鈥� name is traced to early Franciscan friars who arrived from Spain in the 16th century. Spaniards once called it 鈥渟carlet cloth.鈥�
Additional nicknames abound: 鈥淪anta Catarina鈥� in Mexico, 鈥渆strella federal,鈥� or 鈥渇ederal star鈥� in Argentina and 鈥減enacho de Incan,鈥� or 鈥渉eaddress鈥� in Peru.
Ascribed in the 19th century, the Latin name, Euphorbia pulcherrima, means 鈥渢he most beautiful鈥� of a diverse genus with a milky sap of latex.
Most ordinary people in Mexico never say 鈥減oinsettia鈥� and don鈥檛 talk about Poinsett, according to Laura Trejo, a Mexican biologist who is leading studies on the genetic history of the U.S. poinsettia.
鈥淚 feel like it鈥檚 only the historians, the diplomats and, well, the politicians who know the history of Poinsett,鈥� Trejo said.
DEMAND FOR THE FLOWER SPREADS WORLDWIDE
Not long after Poinsett brought the flower to the U.S., interest spread quickly in the vibrant, star-shaped bloom that 鈥� in a dose of Christmas cheer 鈥� flourished with the approach of winter as daylight waned.
Demand spread to Europe. The 20th century brought with it industrial production of poinsettias amid crafty horticulture and Hollywood marketing by father-son nurserymen at the Ecke Ranch in Southern California.
For his part, Poinsett was cast out of Mexico within a year of his discovery, having earned a local reputation for intrusive political maneuvering that extended to a network of secretive masonic lodges and schemes to contain British influence.
THE MEXICAN ROOTS OF US POINSETTIAS
Mexican biologists in recent years have traced the genetic stock of U.S. poinsettia plants to a wild variant in the Pacific coastal state of Guerrero, verifying lore about Poinsett鈥檚 pivotal encounter there. The scientists also are researching a rich, untapped diversity of other wild variants, in efforts that may help guard against poaching of plants and theft of genetic information.
The flower still grows in the wild along Mexico鈥檚 Pacific Coast and into parts of Central America as far as Costa Rica.
Trejo, of the National Council of Science and Technology in the central state of Tlaxcala, said some informal outdoor markets still sell the 鈥渟un cuetlaxochitl鈥� that resemble wild varieties, alongside modern patented varieties.
In her field research travels, Trejo regularly runs across households that conserve ancient traditions associated with the flower.
鈥淚t鈥檚 clear to us that this plant, since the pre-Hispanic era, is a ceremonial plant, an offering, because it鈥檚 still in our culture, in the interior of the county, to cut the flowers and take them to the altars,鈥� she said in Spanish. 鈥淎nd this is primarily associated with the maternal goddesses: with Coatlicue, Tonantzin and now with the Virgin Mary.鈥�
IS 鈥楶OINSETTIA鈥� LOSING ITS LUSTER IN THE UNITED STATES?
The 鈥減oinsettia鈥� name may be losing some of its luster in the United States as more people learn of its namesake鈥檚 complicated history. Unvarnished published accounts reveal Poinsett as a disruptive advocate for business interests abroad, a slaveholder on a rice plantation in the U.S., and a secretary of war who helped oversee the forced removal of Native Americans, including the westward relocation of Cherokee populations to Oklahoma known as the 鈥淭rail of Tears.鈥�
In a new biography titled 鈥淔lowers, Guns and Money,鈥� historian Lindsay Schakenbach Regele describes the cosmopolitan Poinsett as a political and economic pragmatist who conspired with a Chilean independence leader and colluded with British bankers in Mexico. Though he was a slaveowner, he opposed secession, and he didn鈥檛 live to see the Civil War.
Schakenbach Regele renders tough judgment on Poinsett鈥檚 treatment of and regard for Indigenous peoples.
鈥淏ecause Poinsett belonged to learned societies, contributed to botanists鈥� collections, and purchased art from Europe, he could more readily justify the expulsion of Natives from their homes,鈥� she writes.
The cuetaxochitl name for the flower is winning over some new enthusiasts among Mexican youths, including the diaspora in the U.S., according to Elena Jackson Albarr谩n, a professor of Mexican history and global and intercultural studies, also at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.
鈥淚鈥檝e seen a trend towards people openly saying, 鈥楧on鈥檛 call this flower either poinsettia or Nochebuena. It鈥檚 cuetlaxochitl,鈥欌�� said Jackson Albarr谩n. 鈥淭here鈥檚 going to be a big cohort of people who are like, 鈥榃ho cares?鈥欌��
A LASTING FIGURE IN HISTORY
Amid disputes over what to call the plant, Poinsett鈥檚 legacy as an explorer and collector still looms large, as 1,800 meticulously tended poinsettias are delivered in November and December from greenhouses in Maryland to a long list of museums in Washington, D.C., affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.
A 鈥減ink-champagne鈥� cultivar adorns the National Portrait Gallery this year.
Poinsett鈥檚 name may also live on for his connection to other areas of U.S. culture. He advocated for the establishment of a national science museum, and in part due to his efforts, a fortune to underwrite the creation of the Smithsonian Institution.
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